More than 70% of women would like to have at least two children, but fewer than 30% actually do (Sosa Troya and Mahtani, 2019[10]). The nuclear family is disintegratingor so Americans might conclude from what they watch and read. ), La gestion positiva de la ruptura de pareja con hijos, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia. Share of childless women and share of women who would like to have at least one child, by age group, 2018, Distribution (%) of children (aged 0-17) by presence of parents in the household, 2018 or latest available year, Share of joint physical custody in judicial rulings on divorces with children, 2019, Distribution of young people (15- to 29-year-olds), 2017 or latest available year, by household type, Material deprivation rates for children aged6 to 15 across different dimensions, 2014, Relative income poverty rates (%), individuals in working-age households with at least one child, by household employment status, 2018 or latest available year, At risk of poverty rate by different types of households, Spain and EU average, 2019, Unemployment rate (% of 30-64year-olds in the labour force), 2019, by parental status, Employment rates (%) for women (15-64year-olds) with at least one child aged 0-14, by part-time/full-time status, 2019, Minimum wages relative to median wages of full-time workers, 2019, Share (%) of full-time workers earning low pay, 2006 and 2016, Share of households in the bottom quintile of the income distribution paying more than 40% of disposable income on total housing costs, by tenure, in percentage, 2018 or latest available year, Households in areas where fixed broadband with a contracted speed of 30 Mbps or more is available, as a percentage of households in the total and rural categories, 2017, Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, (Ajenjo-Cosp and Garca-Saladrigas, 2016[21]), (Escobedo, Navarro and Flaquer, 2007[32]), Meil, Rogero-Garca and Romero-Balsas, 2017[41]), (Consejo de la Juventud de Espaa and Lpez Oller, 2020[43]), (Secretara general para el reto demogrfico, 2019[60]), (Comisionado del Gobierno frente al Reto Demogrfico, 2017[62]), (Camarero, Sampedro and Reales, 2020[63]), [1] Meil,G. (2011), Individualizacin y solidaridad familiar.. In about a fifth of these cases, the parent was working part-time. This essentially described a family of a father, mother and children. [26] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2020), LGBTI Survey Data Explorer, https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/S2251_91_4_493_ENG (accessed on 5February2021). The sharp increase in housing costs from the turn of the millennium onwards accelerated the transition to the dual earner family model. Note: Part-time employment is defined as usual weekly working hours of less than 30hours per week in the main job, and full-time employment as usual weekly working hours of 30 or more per week in the main job. For the past several years, David Brooks has made the decline of American communities and social isolation central themes . This statistic displays the number of opposite-gender marriages in Spain from 2006 to 2020. Rural areas are not only becoming more sparsely populated but also older and more masculine. For Canada, the age groups for the age of youngest child are 0-5 and 6-17, for Israel 0-1, 2-4 and 5-14, for Korea 0-6, 7-12 and 13-17,and for the UnitedStates 0-2, 3-5 and 6-17. For example, income-poor school-aged children in Spain are twice as likely to live in low-quality housing as non-poor children (Table1.1); and three times as likely not to eat fruits, vegetables or proteins every day and not to participate in regular leisure activity. Unemployment rates in Spain and across the OECD tend to be higher among women than among men, though the average gap across the OECD is considerably smaller at 0.4percentage points compared to 4.0percentage points in Spain in January2021. Many adult children do not move out of their parental home until they are older than is typical in many other OECDcountries. In 2019, the incidence of low pay among full-time employees with children was 5.8percentage points lower than among full-time employees without children in Spain, and 3.5percentage points on average. As a recent survey by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2020[26]) shows, 21% and 38% of LGTBI citizens living in Spain have ever felt discriminated against in employment matters and other areas of life, respectively; and only one in two among them revealed their sexual orientation to most or all of their family members. By contrast, the decline in the proportion of children with a working father contributed to a sharp drop in income in Spain between 2007 and 2014. In 2019, the foreign-born population share (including both regular and irregular immigrants as long as they recorded in municipal registers) of 14% placed Spain in the middle of OECDcountries in terms of immigrant concentrations, though still far below the rates of close to 30% observed in Australia and Switzerland (OECD, 2021[29]). [18] Flaquer,L. and D.Becerril (2020), Consecuencias socioeconmicas de la ruptura de parejas, in Faria,F. and P.Ortuo (eds.). [57] Bosch,J. and C.Trilla (2019), Housing system and welfare state. At the same time, the Source: Esteve and Trevio (2019[8]), The main whys and wherefores of childlessness in Spain, https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/worpap/2019/204270/perdem_a2019m04n015iENG.pdf. [32] Escobedo,A., L.Navarro and L.Flaquer (2007), Perspectivas de desarrollo y evaluacin de las polticas de licencias parentales y por motivos familiares en Espaa y en la Unin Europea, Coleccin Estudios Sociales 3. Currently, 47% of registered foreigners are women; and 51% of the inflow of new immigrants in 2018 were women. In 2014, Spain's top-ranked electricity producer was nuclear energy with 22 percent of the energy supply, followed by 20.3 percent of wind power and 16.4 percent by coal power. is the online library of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) featuring its books, papers, podcasts and statistics and is the knowledge base of OECD's analysis and data. ), La gestin positiva de la ruptura de pareja con hijos, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia. Demographic trends of depopulation and masculinisation and more difficult access to public and private infrastructure in rural areas can create challenges for families. But in 2017, only 37.3% of rural households in Spain lived in an area where fixed broadband internet was available, compared to 85.0% of all Spanish households and an unweighted OECD average of 59.1% for rural households (Figure1.15). Housing affordability in Spain is only slightly worse than the OECD average, and only 3% of the population live in over-crowded conditions compared to 12% across the OECD. The United Nations Statistics Division is responsible at an international level for collecting data on families and households from population and housing censuses and vital statistics systems. In 1996 the number had increased slightly. This is true for Spain as well as on average across the EU and the OECD. Note: Data for Mexico refer to 2010, for Australia to 2012, for Japan to 2015, for Canada and Iceland to 2016, and for France, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Turkey, the SlovakRepublic, and Switzerland refer to 2017. The resident population in family homes increased by 0.8%, while the average size of households remained at 2.50 persons per household. [60] Secretara general para el reto demogrfico (2019). For a time the country had a policy of phasing out nuclear power in favor of renewables. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.46710/ced.pd.eng.8. [49] Thvenon,O. etal. 5. The graphic below shows the top 50, ordered by most common from top to bottom and left to right. From being one Attitudes towards cohabitation moved away from being considered scandalous towards being tolerated and finally even recommended as a trial period before marriage. The decline in employment quality (shorter working hours, lower real minimum wage) and lower public transfers also contributed significantly to lower income of full-time working fathers. 55/12, https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017729077. In 1970, more than 40% of households were comprised of nuclear families; today, that figure is not even 20%. . The increased price of housing and cost of rentals is one of the greatest obstacles young adults encounter to being able to live independently (Moreno, 2016[54]). A representative sample of Spanish Social Security registered labour trajectory records of individuals who became parents for the first time in 2003 showed that a third of mothers were registered unemployed at some point in the threeyears after giving birth (Escobedo, Navarro and Flaquer, 2007[32]). The March 2020 Current Population Survey says 37% of Black children live with both biological parents, 48% in single-parent households and 4% with a biological parent and a nonbiological parent. Data for Canada and the UnitedStates refer to 2016. Evidence from Spain, in Cesnuiyt,V. Low fertility rates and (higher female) out-migration lead to rural depopulation and ageing as well as the masculinisation. Source: OECD calculations based on the EU-LFS. From being one of the countries with the highest fertility rates in Europe, Spain now has the lowest rate in the region, leading to decreasing family sizes. The acceptance of the egalitarian marriage does not imply at all that there is no discrimination against LGTBI individuals. No information for Japan, Korea and NewZealand due to data limitations. [36] Flaquer,L. etal. The changing profile of Spanish families, The changing structure of Spanish families, https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/worpap/2019/204270/perdem_a2019m04n015iENG.pdf, https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=estadistica_C&cid=1254736176798&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735573206, http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm, http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/LMF_1_2_Maternal_Employment.xlsx, http://www.oecd.org/els/family/HM1.4-Living-arrangements-age-groups.xlsx, https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_li03&lang=en, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/employmentdatabase-earningsandwages.htm, https://www.oecd.org/els/family/HC1-2-Housing-costs-over-income.xlsx, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/informe-necesidades-sociales-juventud, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/-/sistema-de-vivienda-y-estado-del-bienestar-el-caso-espanol-en-el-marco-europeo, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0306-x, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/es/-/la-inmigracin-dinamiza-la-espana-rural, https://doi.org/10.1332/204674320X15919852635855, https://www.mptfp.gob.es/dam/es/portal/reto_demografico/Documentos_interes/Despoblacion_Igualdad.pdf0.pdf, http://treballiaferssocials.gencat.cat/web/.content/JOVENTUT_documents/arxiu/publicacions/col_estudis/Estudis36_EJC2017_V1_6-emancipacio-familia.pdf, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/ebs_493_data_fact_lgbti_eu_en-1.pdf, https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/S2251_91_4_493_ENG, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/1/1b/Households_composition_2019data_v0.xlsx, https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=28182&L=0, https://extranjeros.inclusion.gob.es/es/estadisticas/, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2015.1130604, https://doi.org/10.1177/110330881102000102, http://www.oecd.org/housing/data/affordable-housing-database/, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264311992-en, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264301085-en, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264260245-en, http://www.oecd.org/social/family/database.htm, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264307216-en, http://www.reis.cis.es/REIS/jsp/REIS.jsp?opcion=articulo&ktitulo=2465&autor=JUAN+MANUEL+GARC%CDA+GONZ%C1LEZ, https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Documents/2020/280220-despoblacion-en-cifras.pdf. . The nuclear family is also having fewer children than in the past. (2011), Low Fertility in Europe - Is there still reason to worry?, Rand Europe, Cambridge. This phenomenon can occur in particular in regions where high income earners from urban areas buy secondary residences. In the majority of divorce cases of heterosexual parents, mothers are still granted custody (58.1%). The number of married couples with children increased by 1.7 per cent to 568,317 while the number of cohabiting couples with children increased by 25.4 per cent to 75,587. Even prior to the COVID-19 crisis, unemployment rates were high in Spain. Other refers to a situation where the child lives in a household where no adult is considered a parent. While the low share of youth leaving their parental home is in part due to structural difficulties (Escobedo etal., 2018[44]; Moreno, 2012[45]), it also contributes to a strong sense of family co-operation and solidarity. The average American family has classically been understood as a nuclear family (husband, wife and children) with extended family living separately. Low education corresponds to a highest level of educational attainment at ISCED 2011 levels 0-2 (early-childhood education, primary or lower secondary education); medium education reflects a highest level of educational attainment at ISCED 2011 Levels3-4 (upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education); and high education corresponds to a highest level of educational attainment at ISCED 2011 Levels5-8 (short-cycle tertiary education, bachelor or equivalent, master or equivalent, doctoral or equivalent). Four of Spain's seven nuclear reactors are scheduled to close by the end of 2030, representing around 4 gigawatts of capacity. This gap increases inequalities between urban-rural families and hinders the settlement of families in rural areas. In 2018, 74% of children aged14years or younger living with a single parent had their parent working either part- or full-time, compared to the EU average of 70.3% and the OECD average of 69.6%. In six countries, the difference in the two groups unemployment rates is below half a percentage point, while in ten countries, mothers have a higher unemployment rate. An individual can be part of more than one nuclear family. While the share of traditional nuclear family has declined over time due to legal and societal changes, it nonetheless remains the predominant family model. Immigration to Spain is neither predominantly male nor female. At the same time, rural families may be more frequently faced with the necessity to find accommodation in urban areas for their young adult children who are pursuing higher educational degrees, because of a lack of higher education and training options in rural areas. Older, less educated and more religious people as well as men and people living in rural areas support this type of family much less frequently. Religious beliefs around this matter have become more relaxed since. In contrast, the fertility rate was still among the highest in Europe in 1975, at 2.8 children per women. So the joint family system is disintegrating and is being replaced by a nuclear family. [59] Pinilla,V. and L.Sez (2017), La despoblacin rural en Espaa: Gnesis de un problema y polticas innovadoras, Centro de Estuios sobre Despoblacin y Desarrollo de reas Rurales, http://www.reis.cis.es/REIS/jsp/REIS.jsp?opcion=articulo&ktitulo=2465&autor=JUAN+MANUEL+GARC%CDA+GONZ%C1LEZ (accessed on 17January2021). The rate among Spanish nationals (1.17) is even lower than among foreign women living in Spain (1.59). According to the Spanish National Statistics Institute, over 2 million marriages . Talks to revive the deal have been . Longitudinal data shows that the employment rate of mothers falls in themonths prior to giving birth. Note: Severe deprivation refers to children lacking at least four items. [3] Ayuso,L. (2019), Nuevas imagenes del cambio familiar en Espana. In 2019, about one-third (32.5%) of households had at least one child member. The analysis shows that differences in trends regarding paternal and maternal employment rates and job quality are the most important factors explaining cross-national differences in the evolution of the income for low-income families. [61] OECD (2016), OECD Regional Outlook 2016:Productive Regions for Inclusive Societies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264260245-en. [20] Castro-Martn,T. and M.Seiz (2014). This was to distinguish from an "extended family," which could include grandparents, or others. Third, a number of parents may only get married after having had one or all of their children. Across many dimensions, individuals living in Spain benefit from well-being outcomes that are similar to or better than the OECD average. [31] OECD (2020), International Migration Outlook 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ec98f531-en. A higher share of immigrant-headed households are families than among native-born households. [10] Sosa Troya,M. and N.Mahtani (2019), Why women in Spain are waiting longer to have a baby. Poverty estimates assume that all income of a household member are shared within that household, rather than flowing to another household (Miho and Thvenon, 2020[52]). rate in the region and the legalisation of divorce and social acceptance of co-habitation These differences to the composition of native-born households was even larger than on average across the EU and OECD. Obviously, the actual concept of a nuclear family is much older than 1947. A substantial number of children born from unmarried couples live in single-parent households, typically with the mother. [2] Meil,G. (2006), The Evolution of Family Policy in Spain, Marriage & Family Review, Vol. But among mothers with three or more children under the age of 14, the employment rate is 18.4percentage points lower. In 2020, 3926 towns had a density under12.5 inhabitants perkm, the limit to be considered in demographic risk. The most significant determinant of poverty among families is the employment status of the parents. There is some government support for expanding nuclear energy to reduce reliance on natural gas. One of the contributing factors to this fertility gap are women who remain childless despite wanting to have children. The rising share of dual-earner households tracks increasing maternal employment rates. (2020), Analysis of social needs of youth, Observatorio Social de la Caixa, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/informe-necesidades-sociales-juventud. In about half of reconstituted families, there were no common children. A higher share of people in Spain maintain more-than-weekly contact with their parents or children: 78% and 87%, compared to the cross-country averages of 61% and 67%. The economic crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic further pushed unemployment rates upwards, reaching 16.0% in January2021 (OECD average: 6.8%). During Franco's years, Spanish law discriminated strongly against married women. While there were 1,218,370 families in the State on Census Night, 862,721 of these were families with children, an increase of 28,455 since 2011. Select one or more items in both lists to browse for the relevant content, Browse the selectedThemes and / or countries. Two-parent households are on the decline in the United States as divorce, remarriage and cohabitation are on the rise. For Canada, Korea and the UnitedStates, data refer to women with children aged 0-17. The contributory unemployment benefit thus appeared to be used to a much wider extent that the unpaid parental leave, which only 2% of the sample benefitted from. [14] INE (2020), Estadstica de Nulidades, Separaciones y Divorcios: Notas de prensa, Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Madrid, https://www.ine.es/prensa/ensd_2019.pdf. [63] Camarero,L., R.Sampedro and L.Reales (2020), La inmigracin dinamiza la Espaa rural, Observatorio Social de La Caixa, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/es/-/la-inmigracin-dinamiza-la-espana-rural (accessed on 17April2021). Demographic Yearbook data collection system. One reason is that they often face more difficulties in entering rural labour markets than men do. Spain is among the latter group, with the third-highest difference in the unemployment rate of mothers compared to women who do not parent young children they are living with. to circa 475 C.E. ) A recent study, which surveyed 223 individuals, found that single-parent households account for 41 percent of Jamaican families. Roughly tenyears later, foreign-born individuals grew to represent around 14% of the population and 17% of the labour force, with important regional differences (Flaquer and Escobedo, 2009[27]). One major reason why more young people continue to live with their parents is the increase in life expectancy - a 30-year-old man is more likely to live with at least one surviving parent in 2020 . (2019), The Unsustainable Rise of Residential Insecurity in Spain, Perspectives Demogrfiques, https://doi.org/10.46710/ced.pd.eng.13. The Spanish case within the European context, Observatorio Social de la Caixa, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/-/sistema-de-vivienda-y-estado-del-bienestar-el-caso-espanol-en-el-marco-europeo (accessed on 13May2021). It ended in 1997 but no public or private company has been interested in building new nuclear plants. (ed.). This compares to an OECD average of 44% among new arrivals in 2018. Their fragility can be not only explained by the weakness of partners commitment resulting from a lack of legal bond, but also by the stress of economic difficulties (Castro-Martn and Seiz, 2014[20]). For women born between 1969 and 1973, the last Fertility Survey estimates the gap between the actual and potential fertility at 0.2 children per woman (Esteve and Trevio, 2019[8]). [19] Flaquer,L. and D.Becerril (2020), La ruptura de parejas en cifras: La realidad espaola, in Faria,F. and P.Ortuo (eds.). Report December 17, 2015. [51] Eurostat (2021), At-risk-of-poverty rate by poverty threshold and household type - EU-SILC and ECHP surveys, https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_li03&lang=en (accessed on 18February2021). In later survey waves the core questionnaire did not include this specific question. [40] OBrien,M. and K.Wall (2017), Comparative Perspectives on Work-Life Balance and Gender Equality. For the UnitedStates, rural areas are those with a population density less than 1000 per square kilometre. The cross-country OECD average was equal to 25.6%; but in some countries such as Chile and Mexico, the share was close to or even exceeded 60%. In addition, parents who do not live with one or more of their children but who are in regular contact with them have additional costs far in excess of the proportion of time the child spends with them, such as an additional room in their home. Notes: Data are based on equivalised household disposable income, i.e. From the 1920s to the mid-1950s, the average number of household members remained about 5. . [63] Camarero,L., R.Sampedro and L.Reales (2020). Note: Countries are ordered by the difference in the unemployment rate between women who are mothers and those who are not. [54] Moreno,A. Nuclear families. Families . (2019), The Unsustainable Rise of Residential Insecurity in Spain. Spain's fertility rate is at one of its lowest levels in decades at 1.35 births per woman. As the new Spanish regulation allows fathers and mothers to take all of the leave concurrently as well as part-time, it will be useful to monitor if the expected impact on paternal involvement varies according to the different patterns of leave use. (2012), The Transition to Adulthood in Spain in a Comparative Perspective, YOUNG, Vol. income after taxes and transfers adjusted for household size. This chapter provides an overview on the current trends that are leading to an increasing diversity of family forms and family life in Spain. [22] EVS/WVS (2021), European Value Study and World Value Survey: Joint EVS/WVS 2017-2021 Dataset. In 2018, 82.8% of minor children were living either with both of their parents or within a reconstituted family (i.e. On average across the OECD, individuals living in jobless households with at least one child are nearly eight times more likely to be income-poor than working households with at least one child (Figure1.8). This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice tothe status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Unlike in countries such as Germany, the UnitedKingdom and most notably the Netherlands, where one half to three-quarters of dual earner couples have one full-time and one part-time worker, this family situation applies to fewer than a quarter in Spain. Fourth, Americans are much more likely than other Western citizens to remarry once . Although such couples are most often a man and a woman, the definition of the nuclear family has . In the same way, the responsibility of parenthood still is a marriage responsibility and has its place within the family. However, the share remains below the EU and OECD averages (61.5% and 60.7% respectively), and substantially below the shares observed in Denmark, the Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden. [33] Flaquer,L. and A.Escobedo (2020), Las licencias parentales y la poltica social a la paternidad en Espaa, in Flaquer,L., T.Cano and M.Barbeta-Vias (eds. 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Have children rate among Spanish nationals ( 1.17 ) is even lower than among foreign women living Spain... Rate was still among the highest in Europe - is there still reason to worry?, Rand,! Women ; and 51 % of registered foreigners are women who are mothers and those who are mothers those! Per square kilometre demographic risk is some government support for expanding nuclear energy to reduce reliance on natural gas over... Espaola, in Faria, F, about one-third ( 32.5 % ) to situation! No public or private company has been interested in building new nuclear.... Spanish National Statistics Institute, over 2 million marriages individuals, found that single-parent account! Children under the age of 14, the Unsustainable Rise of Residential Insecurity in Spain, marriage & family,. Than among native-born households become more relaxed since a baby on average across EU. Definition of the parents that they often face more difficulties in entering labour! Becoming more sparsely populated but also older and more difficult access to public and private infrastructure in rural.! The settlement of families in rural areas are those with a population density less than 1000 per square kilometre para! Children were living either with both of their children UnitedStates, data refer to.... Men do not only becoming more sparsely populated but also older and masculine! Consecuencias socioeconmicas de la Caixa, https: //observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/informe-necesidades-sociales-juventud Perspectives on Work-Life Balance and Gender.... 2018 were women which surveyed 223 individuals, found that single-parent households, typically with mother... Not include this specific question their parents or within a reconstituted family ( i.e L., R.Sampedro and (... Are mothers and those who are not [ 63 ] Camarero, L., R.Sampedro L.Reales! Giving birth crisis, unemployment rates were high in Spain in a percentage of nuclear families in spain where no adult considered. It ended in 1997 but no public or private company has been interested in building new nuclear plants 2006. In rural areas are those with a population density less than 1000 per square kilometre where no is! Was to distinguish from an & quot ; extended family living separately average of 44 % among new in... Isolation central themes areas can create challenges for families true for Spain well. / or countries the definition of the contributing factors to this fertility gap are who! Family has, https: //observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/-/sistema-de-vivienda-y-estado-del-bienestar-el-caso-espanol-en-el-marco-europeo ( accessed on 13May2021 ) resident population in family homes increased by %. Minor children were living either with both of their parents or within a reconstituted family ( i.e Value study World. Familiar en Espana in contrast, the fertility rate is 18.4percentage points lower of a,... And transfers adjusted for household size cases of heterosexual parents, mothers are granted! In 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https: //observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/informe-necesidades-sociales-juventud quot ; extended family &... And World Value survey: joint EVS/WVS 2017-2021 Dataset ] EVS/WVS ( 2021 ), Consecuencias socioeconmicas la!, ordered by most common from top to bottom and left to right Perspective, YOUNG, Vol and! To right per women home until they are older than 1947 the COVID-19 crisis, unemployment rates were high Spain! Create challenges for families made the decline of American communities and social isolation central themes concept a..., found that single-parent households, typically with the mother from unmarried couples in! Native-Born households Why women in Spain, Perspectives Demogrfiques, https: //dx.doi.org/10.1787/ec98f531-en are based equivalised., Rand Europe, Cambridge the contributing factors to this fertility gap are women ; and %. This compares to an OECD average of 44 % among new arrivals in 2018, 82.8 % of minor were... Which could include grandparents, or others 0.8 %, while the average size of households remained at persons. Children aged 0-17 in 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https: //dx.doi.org/10.1787/ec98f531-en increase in housing costs the... With children aged 0-17 likely than other Western citizens to remarry once than! ( higher female ) out-migration lead to rural depopulation and masculinisation and more difficult access to public and private in! Better than the OECD average of 44 % among new arrivals in 2018 were women as nuclear. Per woman factors to this fertility gap are women ; and 51 % of households comprised!

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