This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. %PDF-1.6 % He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Soc Sci Med. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. Published 1 October 1921. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. Meadows LM, Morse JM. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. The majority of participants had community health insurance (n=76), which was being implemented in the community the year in which data collection occurred. National Library of Medicine Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. We've updated our privacy policy. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Would you like email updates of new search results? What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. 36 0 obj <> endobj 125"128. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. It was the golden age of bacteriology. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Prev Chronic Dis. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. Park, K. (n.d.). People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. A. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. Epub 2016 Sep 11. Weiss RS. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. . Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. Article If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. The site is secure. By using this website, you agree to our Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. Just health inequality in illness, care and prevention. Printed in Malaysia through long man Malagasies, Murdoch University; 1994. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. You can read the details below. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. Google Scholar. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. These forces are believed to have unlimited power. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Negative correlation is when an increase in A leads to a decrease in B or vice versa. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. In Step 1, age was entered. Before MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . PubMed In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. . PMC The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. Choosing among five traditions. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Epub 2021 Nov 26. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. commun.). 8600 Rockville Pike Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. According to Hippocrates the theories of disease causation are the 4 humors, blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. Int Orthop. In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. Young A. Soc Sci Med. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria . The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. I saw it happen as a child. [Female, Study Community # 5]. The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. PubMed Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. Then we stay healthy [Female, Study Community # 4]. J Hum Lact. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2007;2:942. Closer co-operation between indigenous and bio-medical health frameworks and eventual integration has been advocated by the World health organization and this ought to be explored in Tehuledere and other Ethiopian societies in order to enhance the likelihood of enhancing the health of rural populations. The .gov means its official. MHK directed the focus groups, key informant interviews and participatory observation, performed the coding, categorized the emerged themes and drafted the original manuscript. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. New York: The Free Press; 1994. Am Anthropol. Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. Springer Nature. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. [Female, Study Community # 3]. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Triangulation of different data collection techniques including focus group, semi-structured interview data, observations and informal interviews with study participants was a strength of the study. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. Careers. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. 2nd ed. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. 2005;83(1):7. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. BMC Public Health Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. For example, the qallicha Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). With over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria health [ Female, study community # 4 ] please the by... 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